Fuzhou (help·info) (Chinese: 福州; pinyin: Fúzhōu; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; Foochow
Romanized: Hók-ciŭ;
EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau, Hock Chew or Hokchew
in earlier
Western documents) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of
Fujian (福建) province, People's
Republic of China. It is also referred to as Rongcheng (榕城) which means "city of
banyan trees" and
Mindong (闽东} (lit. East of Fujian) along with Ningde.
It is the capital of the province, and is situated on the north bank of the
estuary of Fujian's largest river, the
Min River, which gives access to the interior and to the neighboring provinces
of Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
Quick Facts
* Fuzhou was also called Foochow, Fuchow or Fuh-chau in earlier Western
documents.
* Fuzhou is also known as the city of banyans(Ficus microcarpa) because of the
special subtropical
trees widely planted since the Northern Song Dynasty.
History
This section requires expansion.
Pre-Han
The exact foundation date of this city is not known however when the Yue Kingdom
to the north of Fujian
was annexed by the Chu Kingdom in 306 BC, a branch of the royal family of the
defeated Yue fled to
Fujian and became the Minyue (闽越) tribe.
The first city wall of Fuzhou was built in 202 BC when Liu Bang, the founding
emperor of the Han
Dynasty, gave permission to Wuzhu (无诸), the king of Minyue, to set up his
capital in Fuzhou. The city
was named Ye (冶), meaning "The Beautiful". The name has changed many times, but
the city has been
continuously occupied since 202 BC and has never suffered major destruction by
wars or natural disasters.
The Minyue was annexed by Han in 110 BC.
Han to Song
Under the Han, Fuzhou became Ye County.
During the Jin Dynasty, West Lake, East Lake (now silted up) and numerous canals
in the city were
constructed (282 AD). When the Jin Dynasty collapsed, the first wave of
immigrants of the gentile class
arrived in Fujian (308 AD).
Hualin Temple in the original Ye city, which has been declared a national
heritage site, was built in 964 AD
according to documentation, but was carbon-dated to the 4th or 5th century AD.
It is probably the oldest
existing wooden structure in China.
During the Tang Dynasty (725 AD), the city started to be called Fuzhou.
More immigrants arrived from the north starting from 892 as the Tang Dynasty was
collapsing. After the
Tang Dynasty fell in 907, the Wang family managed to establish a kingdom called
Min (909 – 945) with its
capital in Fuzhou, then known as Changle. Min is still used as another name for
the province of Fujian, in
names of region such as minnan, and the river that runs through Fuzhou is called
Min Jiang.
New city walls were built in 282 AD, 901 AD, 905 AD, and 974 AD, so the city had
many layers of walls
— more than the Chinese capital.
Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (宋) ordered the destruction of all the walls
in Fuzhou in 978 AD
but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371 AD.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars
came here to live
and work. Among them were Zhu Xi (朱熹), the most celebrated Chinese philosopher
after Confucius,
and Xin Qiji (辛弃疾), the greatest composer of ci (a specialized form of poem).
Mongolian Yuan Dynasty
Marco Polo, an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai, transcribed, after the
conventions of Italian
orthography, the place name as Fugiu. This was not the local Min pronunciation
but that of the Mandarin
administrative class.
Ming
Between 1405 and 1433 AD, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng
He sailed from
Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on
the east coast of Africa.
Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei
(Matsu) near the seaport.
Galeote Pereira, a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the
pirate extermination
campaign of 1549 and imprisoned here. Later transferred to a sort of internal
exile elsewhere in the
province, Pereira escaped to Macau in 1553. The record of his experiences in the
Ming Empire, logged by
the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach
the West since Polo's.
1800s painting of France and Qing naval battle in Fuzhou
Qing
In the 19th century, Lin Zexu, a native of Fuzhou, led an attempt to resist the
British capitalism at
Guangzhou (广州, "Canton"). Unsuccessful and hated by the capitalists, he was
internally exiled to the
Russian border. By the 1842 peace treaty which concluded Opium War I, Fuzhou
became one of the five
Chinese treaty ports. Lin Zexu died on November 22, 1850 at age of 66.
Republic of China Era
On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an
overnight street battle, the
Qing (Manchu) army surrendered.
On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary
Army's 19th Army
set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China
(中華共和國人民革命政
府).[3] Blockaded by Generalissimo Jiang and left to twist in the wind by the
nearby Soviet Republic of
China, the PRGRC collapsed within two months.
Around 1940, the Japanese army decided to invade Fuzhou. Surrounded by hills on
3 sides, the Japanese
army quickly bombed and invaded the city. Japanese planes quickly bombed the
only escape route for
Chinese civilians - the bridges across the neighbouring river, leaving many
civilians dangerously crossing the
river on foot. The Japanese soon took the city and held it until Japan's
surrender in 1945.
See also: Battle of Foochow
People's Republic of China
On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou
and claimed the lives of 60
workers.
On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military
school, killing at least
80 paramilitary officers.
Administrative Divisions
Fuzhou Districts Map
The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have changed frequently in history. But
from 1983, when Fuzhou
administered 5 districts and 8 counties, the administrative divisional lines
have not changed. In 1990 and
1994, Fuqing (Hók-chiăng) and Changle (Diòng-lŏ̤h) counties were promoted to
county-level cities.
Despite this change, the old statement of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still
popular among the local people.
Districts
* Gulou (鼓楼, Gū-làu)
* Taijiang (台江, Dài-gĕ̤ng)
* Cangshan (仓山, Chŏng-săng)
* Mawei (马尾, Mā-muōi)
* Jin'an (晋安, Céng-ăng)
County-level cities
* Fuqing (福清，Hók-chiăng)
* Changle (长乐，Diòng-lŏ̤h)
Counties (post-1994)
* Minhou (闽侯，Mìng-âu)
* Minqing (闽清，Mìng-chiăng)
* Yongtai (永泰，Īng-tái)
* Lianjiang (连江，Lièng-gŏng)
* Luoyuan (罗源，Lò̤-nguòng)
* Pingtan (平潭，Bìng-tàng)
Transportation
The seal of Fuzhou: 3 hills and a river.
Airport
Now Fuzhou owns two ariports: Fuzhou Changle International Airport and Fuzhou Yi
Xu airport (Old
airfield). The former is its main international airport and a air-hub in the
southeast China, the latter one was
turned into a PLA airbase after 1997.
Railway
The Fuzhou rail station located in the north of Fuzhou, which is near the North
Second-round road. The
Strait rail station in Changshan District has been constructing from 2007, which
will be completed in
2010,is a key landmark of New city development scheme.
Railway system
Currently, the main railway is the "Wai Fu railway", running eastwards through
the North districts to Jiangxi
province, owning a subline "Fuma railway", which runs from the city hub to Mawei
district. Two more
railways have also been under construction, they are "Wen Fu railway", running
northwards with Wenzhou
south of Zhejiang province; another is "Fuxia railway", running southwards to
Xiamen, which is designed as
a high-speed railway with speeds up to 200 Km. It will be completed by early
July, 2009.
Seaport
In 1867 the Fuzhou seaport was the site of one of China's first major
experiments with Western
technology, when the Fuzhou Navy Yard was established; a shipyard and an arsenal
were built under
French guidance and a naval school was opened. A naval academy was also
established at the shipyard,
and it became a center for the study of European languages and technical
sciences. The academy, which
offered courses in English, French, engineering, and navigation, produced a
generation of Western-trained
officers, including the famous scholar-reformer Yan Fu (1854–1921).
The yard was established as part of a program to strengthen China in the wake of
the country's disastrous
defeat in the trading conflict known as the second Opium War (1856–60). But most
talented students
continued to pursue a traditional Confucian education, and by the mid-1870s the
government began to lose
interest in the shipyard; it had trouble securing funds and declined in
importance. Fuzhou remained
essentially a commercial center and a port until World War II; it had relatively
little industry. The port was
occupied by the Japanese during 1940–45.
Since 1949, Fuzhou has grown considerably; its communications have been improved
by the dredging of
the Min River for navigation by medium-sized craft upstream to Nanping. In 1956
the railway linking
Fuzhou with the interior of the province and with the main Chinese railway
system was opened. The port
has also been improved; Fuzhou itself is no longer accessible to seagoing ships,
but Luoxingta anchorage
and another outer harbor at Guantou on the coast of the East China Sea have been
modernized and
improved. The chief exports are timber, fruits, paper, and foodstuffs.
Economy
Industry is supplied with power by a grid running from the Gutian hydroelectric
scheme in the mountains to
the northwest. The city is a center for industrial chemicals and has
food-processing, timber-working,
engineering, papermaking, printing, and textile industries. A small iron and
steel plant was built in 1958. In
1984 Fuzhou was designated one of China's "open" cities in the new open-door
policy inviting foreign
investments. Handicrafts remain important in the rural areas, and the city is
famous for its lacquer and wood
products.
Its GDP was ¥29,318 (ca. US$3,850) per capita in 2007, ranked no. 21 among 659
Chinese cities.
Fuzhou is undoubtedly the province’s political, economic and cultural center as
well as an industrial center
and seaport on the Min river. In 2007, Fuzhou’s GDP amounted to RMB197.46
billion, an increase of
17.10 percent.
Manufactured products include chemicals, silk and cotton textiles, iron and
steel and processed food.
Among its exports are fine lacquer ware and handcrafted fans and umbrellas. The
city's trade is mainly with
Chinese coastal ports. Its exports of timber, food products, and paper move
through the harbor at
Guantou located about 50 kilometers downstream.
In 2007, exports reached US$12.32 billion, a growth of 13.10 percent while
imports amounted to
US$6.33 billion. Total retail sales for the same period came at RMB94.1 billion
and per capita GDP grew
to RMB29.318 trillion.
During the same period, Fuzhou approved 234 foreign-invested projects.
Contracted foreign investment
amounted to US$13.24 billion, while utilized foreign investment increased by 5
percent to US$17.82
billion.
Culture
Fuzhou, also known as the City of Banyan after the many Banyan trees that dot
the city landscape, may not
be as rich in history as some other ancient Chinese cities but still boasts a
fair number of historical sights.
People in Fuzhou mostly speak Min Dong (simplified Chinese: 闽东语; traditional
Chinese: 閩東語;
pinyin: Mǐndōngyǔ; Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄) and Fuzhou dialect is
consider the standard
form of Min Dong language.
* Fuzhou dialect
Min opera, known as Fuzhou drama, is one of major operas in Fujian Province. It
enjoys a good
popularity in Fuzhou, Middle Fujian, East Fujian and North Fujian where Fuzhou
dialect is spoken, as well
as in Taiwan and Malay Archipelago. It became a fixed opera in the early 20th
Century. There are more
than 1000 plays of Min Opera, most of which originates from folk tales,
historical novels or ancient
legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade
Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy
Peach with Litchi".
Cuisine
Fuzhou cuisine is associated with one of the four traditional cooking styles of
Fujian privince. Fujian cuisine
is known to be light but flavourful, soft, and tender, with particular emphasis
on umami taste, known in
Chinese cooking as "xiānwèi" (traditional Chinese: 鮮味; simplified Chinese: 鲜味),
as well as retaining the
original flavour of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou
cuisine, the taste is light
compared to other styles, often with a mixed sweet and sour taste. Fuzhou is
famous for its soups.
Sister countries / cities
LaFrance.com
LaFrance.com LaFrance LaFrance LaFrance.com Metropolitan France is bordered (clockwise from the north) by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. France's overseas departments and collectivities also share land borders with Brazil and Suriname (bordering French Guiana), and the Netherlands Antilles (bordering Saint-Martin). France is linked to the United Kingdom by the Channel Tunnel, which passes underneath the English Channel.
France is the largest country in the European Union and the second largest in Europe. It has been a major power for many centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonized much of North America; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built third largest empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Pacific islands. France is a developed country and possesses the fifth largesteconomy by nominal GDP and eighth largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. France is one of the founding members of the European Union, and has the largest land area of all members. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, NATO, OECD, WTO and the Latin Union. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and owns the largest number of nuclear weapons with active warheads and nuclear power plants in the European Union. LaFrance
LaFrance LaFrance.com
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